Why the Background Can Exaggerate UFO Travel

Introduction

A UFO or UAP seen against distant ocean or terrain can appear to travel much farther than it actually does. The reason is geometric: a camera records a line of sight, not a ready-made three-dimensional flight path. If a nearer object is visually treated as though it lies on the distant background, its changing viewing direction can be projected onto that background, creating an apparent path that is substantially longer than the object’s real displacement.

This is especially deceptive in narrow-field, tracking-camera footage. The target may stay near the centre while the sea or terrain moves behind it, encouraging the eye to interpret the object as skimming across that surface. The Pentagon’s All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) explicitly demonstrated this mechanism in its detailed analysis of the Navy’s “Go Fast” UAP video: the object’s start and end positions, when projected down to the ocean, produced a longer apparent journey than the object’s calculated path at altitude.[AARO]aaro.milGo Fast Case ResolutionAARO GoFast Case Resolution…

How a line of sight paints motion onto distant scenery

Every image point corresponds to a ray extending outward from the camera. Perspective geometry alone does not tell the viewer where along that ray an object sits. This is a basic limitation of monocular imaging: in photogrammetry, the camera centre, image point and corresponding point in the outside world lie on the same projection line, while scale along that line cannot generally be recovered from one photograph alone.[PubMed Central (PMC)]pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govPubMed Central (PMC)Interpretation and Transformation of Intrinsic Camera Parameters Used in Photogrammetry and Computer Vision - PMCDece…

That matters when interpreting UAP footage. Imagine an airborne camera looking down towards the sea. A target is suspended several kilometres above the water. As the aircraft and target move, the viewing ray to the target changes direction. Extend each of those rays beyond the target until it intersects the sea surface and the intersections will also move.

Those intersections are not the target’s positions. They are simply the places on the background that happen to lie behind the target from the camera’s changing viewpoint. Yet visually they can be compelling: if the viewer assumes the target is close to the water, the changing intersections resemble a real path over the sea.

AARO’s Go Fast methodology illustrates precisely this distinction. Its analysis describes the target’s starting and stopping positions projected onto the ocean surface and compares the distance between those projected points with the object’s actual calculated displacement at about 13,000 feet. AARO says the longer projected distance contributes directly to the impression of unusually high speed.[AARO]aaro.milGo Fast Case ResolutionAARO GoFast Case Resolution…

This is therefore more specific than simply saying that “parallax makes things look fast”. The important mechanism is misplaced depth: motion occurring at one distance is mentally or analytically assigned to a surface at another distance.

Why target and background distance matter

The same angular change corresponds to different physical distances depending on how far from the observer it is placed. That is why angular motion visible in a video cannot by itself establish how many metres or kilometres a target has travelled.

A simple thought experiment makes the problem clearer. Suppose two sightlines differ by a small angle. At a nearby range, the points on those rays are relatively close together. Extend the same rays much farther away and their separation grows. Consequently, treating an airborne object’s angular displacement as movement across a much more distant ground or ocean surface can magnify the inferred physical displacement.

Remote-sensing practice handles this problem by explicitly reconstructing viewing geometry. NASA Earth-observation geolocation products, for example, use line-of-sight vectors together with spacecraft ephemeris, attitude, sensor geometry, an Earth model and terrain elevation to determine where image pixels actually correspond to locations on the surface.[NASA Earthdata]earthdata.nasa.govNASA EarthdataVIIRS/JPSS2 Day/Night Band Resolution Terrain Corrected Geolocation 6-Min L1 Swath 750m NRT | NASA EarthdataJanuary 9, 2024…Published: January 9, 2024 USGS descriptions of satellite triangulation likewise distinguish the sensor’s line-of-sight vectors from the ground points derived from those vectors.[USGS]usgs.govSpace-based triangulation procedure | U.S. Geological SurveySpace-based triangulation procedure | U.S. Geological SurveyJuly 10, 2019…Published: July 10, 2019

A UAP video viewer usually has nothing comparable. A small target against largely featureless water supplies almost no intuitive depth information. If it looks sharp and visually adjacent to the ocean, the natural interpretation may be that it is low over the surface. But visual adjacency in a two-dimensional frame does not establish physical proximity in three dimensions.

That distinction becomes particularly important at shallow viewing angles and long background distances. Perspective causes world distances represented near a distant part of the scene to behave very differently from distances close to the camera. In machine-vision geometry, recovering ground position from an image requires information about camera height, orientation and projection; errors become increasingly consequential where perspective compresses distant scenery.[PubMed Central (PMC)]pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govPubMed Central (PMC)Interpretation and Transformation of Intrinsic Camera Parameters Used in Photogrammetry and Computer Vision - PMCDece…

Go Fast shows the projection problem directly

The Navy’s Go Fast footage is unusually useful because its display contains enough numerical information to test the visual impression. The video appears at first glance to show a small object racing just above the Atlantic. NASA’s 2023 UAP independent study instead used the displayed range, viewing angle and aircraft altitude to calculate that the object was roughly 13,000 feet above sea level, leaving several kilometres of vertical separation between it and the ocean visible behind it. NASA concluded that the sensor platform’s high speed and parallax contributed substantially to the impression of rapid movement.[NASA Science]science.nasa.govScience NASAUNIDENTIFIED ANOMALOUS PHENOMENA…

NASA’s reconstruction estimated that during a 22-second interval the object travelled about 390 metres, corresponding to roughly 40 mph (64 km/h). The report cautioned that its calculation neglected wind effects on the aircraft, so the number carried uncertainty; its important conclusion was that extraordinary speed was not required to reproduce the observation.[Wikisource]en.wikisource.orgNASA Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Independent Study Team Report/Work Products: Discussion - Wikisource, the free online li…

AARO subsequently conducted a more extensive reconstruction. Its February 2025 case resolution assessed the object’s altitude at approximately 13,000 feet with high confidence. Because the aircraft’s exact compass heading was unavailable, AARO modelled possible headings and historical winds rather than claiming one uniquely determined target speed. It ultimately assessed that the object’s wind-compensated speed fell between about 5 and 92 mph across the modelled cases and that the footage demonstrated no anomalous performance.[AARO]aaro.milGo Fast Case ResolutionAARO GoFast Case Resolution…

More important for the background-projection mechanism is AARO’s final visualisation. It separately represented the object’s real calculated movement at altitude and the much longer movement obtained by projecting its sightlines onto the surface. AARO explicitly states that the greater projected distance relative to the actual distance is what produces the perceived high speed. Under one modelled headwind geometry, the effect becomes still stronger.[AARO]aaro.milGo Fast Case ResolutionAARO GoFast Case Resolution…

The case therefore provides a concrete warning against reading the apparent path over the ocean as though it were a measured ground track.

Projected paths are not physical flight paths

There are three different quantities that can easily be conflated when watching this kind of footage:

Only the third directly describes how far the object travelled. Converting the first into the third requires range and viewing geometry. Converting the first into the second and then treating that result as target movement silently assumes that the object lies on, or very close to, the chosen background surface.

Go Fast demonstrates how large the resulting conceptual error can be. AARO’s no-wind reconstruction calculated about 226 metres of target displacement during the analysed 13-second continuous path, with an estimated speed of about 38.9 mph. Once winds and possible aircraft headings were included, the reconstructed target distance varied substantially, from roughly 426 to 929 metres in four representative scenarios.[AARO]aaro.milGo Fast Case ResolutionAARO GoFast Case Resolution… These figures describe modelled motion at the object’s altitude; the conspicuous sweep across the ocean in the video is not itself a measurement of any of those distances.

This also explains why simply timing how long a UFO appears to take to cross a patch of distant terrain can produce an impressive but invalid speed estimate. If the assumed terrain distance is wrong because the object is actually much nearer to the camera, both the inferred distance and the resulting speed can be exaggerated.

What investigators need before claiming a long traverse

The strongest safeguard is an independent measurement of target range. If range is known at successive times, analysts can combine it with sensor pointing angles and platform position to reconstruct three-dimensional locations instead of assigning the target to the visible background.

Go Fast again shows the value of that information. AARO reported that the public video supplied range to target, camera azimuth and elevation, aircraft altitude, speed and bank angle. Those measurements were sufficient to constrain the object’s altitude and motion even though the original file, complete metadata, exact aircraft position and heading were unavailable. AARO nevertheless emphasised that these missing data limited the precision of its reconstruction.[AARO]aaro.milGo Fast Case ResolutionAARO GoFast Case Resolution…

Where reliable range is absent, apparent ground travel should therefore be treated cautiously. Useful evidence can include multiple calibrated viewpoints, radar range, laser ranging, accurate platform position and attitude, or identifiable terrain combined with sufficiently constrained camera geometry. NASA’s broader UAP study similarly stressed that the limited quantity of high-quality observations makes firm scientific conclusions difficult and advocated better calibrated, well-characterised data collection.[NASA Science]science.nasa.govScience UAPScience UAP

The key question is not simply “How far does the object seem to cross the background?” It is “At what distance from the sensor was the object while that angular motion occurred?” Until that depth is constrained, a dramatic-looking traverse over ocean or terrain may be a projection of the sightline rather than a measurement of the UFO’s physical journey.

The practical takeaway

Background scenery can give UAP footage an intuitively convincing but false ruler. A distant coastline, cloud deck or ocean surface appears to provide scale, yet it provides valid scale for the target only if the target’s relationship to that background is actually known.

That is why narrow-field footage deserves particular care. The cropped view can remove the wider spatial cues that would expose the separation between target and background, while tracking keeps the object visually stable and lets distant scenery stream past it. Once the eye interprets the object as travelling over that scenery, the projected path can be mistaken for a real one.

AARO’s Go Fast reconstruction turns this from a hypothetical optical warning into a documented UAP-analysis example: the office explicitly distinguishes the longer surface-projected path from the shorter calculated path at altitude.[AARO]aaro.milGo Fast Case ResolutionAARO GoFast Case Resolution… The broader lesson is narrow but important. Before an apparent UFO traverse is converted into kilometres travelled, and kilometres travelled into extraordinary speed, investigators must establish where the object actually sits along the line of sight.

Amazon book picks

Further Reading

Books and field guides related to Why the Background Can Exaggerate UFO Travel. Use these as the next step if you want deeper reading beyond the article.

Book

Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision

By Richard Hartley, Andrew Zisserman

A basic problem in computer vision is to understand the structure of a real world scene given several images of it. Techniques for solvin...

See on Amazon

Book

Computer Vision: Algorithms and Applications

By Richard Szeliski

Computer Vision: Algorithms and Applications explores the variety of techniques used to analyze and interpret images. It also describes c...

See on Amazon

Book

An Invitation to 3-D Vision: From Images to Geometric Models

By Yi Ma, Stefano Soatto et al.

This book is intended to give students at the advanced undergraduate or introduc tory graduate level, and researchers in computer vision,...

See on Amazon

Book

The Geometry of Multiple Images

By Olivier Faugeras, Quang-Tuan Luong et al.

This book formalizes and analyzes the relations between multiple views of a scene from the perspective of various types of geometries. A...

See on Amazon

Browse more on Amazon:Multiple View Geometry in Computer VisionComputer Vision: Algorithms and ApplicationsAn Invitation to 3 D Vision: From Images to Geometric Models

As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.

eBay marketplace picks

Marketplace Samples

Live-tested eBay searches with available results related to this page.

Shop location

UsingUSA USA USAUKCanadaAustraliaIreland

Selected fromUFO poster oneBay.co.uk.

Current eBay listing

Conspiracy Theory Poster Wall Print Gift UFO Aliens Flat Earth Moon Landing

GBP 18.97 | Free shippingNewSeller: forgevalleyprint (98.6% positive)Ships from: GB

View listing on eBay

Current eBay listing

UFO Over Desert Highway Sci-Fi Abduction Poster Print Framed Canvas Wall Art

GBP 14.99 | Free shippingNewSeller: paradiseposters (99.6% positive)Ships from: GB

View listing on eBay

Current eBay listing

VINTAGE UFO FLYING SAUCERS COMIC ADVERTISING A2 POSTER PRINT

GBP 10.76 | Free shippingNewSeller: andys-prints-uk (99.7% positive)Ships from: GB

View listing on eBay

Current eBay listing

I Want To Believe UFO Poster Giclée Fine Art Heavyweight Print

GBP 21.95 | Free shippingNewSeller: mintprint77 (100.0% positive)Ships from: GB

View listing on eBay

Browse more oneBay.co.uk

Example items shown for inspiration; availability and pricing can change. Branchoria may earn a commission if you purchase through outbound eBay links.

Endnotes

1. Source: aaro.mil
Title: Go Fast Case Resolution
Link:https://www.aaro.mil/Portals/136/PDFs/case_resolution_reports/AARO_GoFast_Case_Resolution_Card_Methodology_Final.pdf?ver=qXvjrruO_0MgtnTsfYnCEQ%3D%3D

2. Source: earthdata.nasa.gov
Link:https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/lancemodis-vj203dnb-nrt-2

Published: January 9, 2024

3. Source: usgs.gov
Title: Space-based triangulation procedure | U.S. Geological Survey
Link:https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/space-based-triangulation-procedure

Published: July 10, 2019

4. Source: science.nasa.gov
Title: Science NASA
Link:https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/uap-independent-study-team-final-report.pdf

5. Source: en.wikisource.org
Link:https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/NASA_Unidentified_Anomalous_Phenomena%3A_Independent_Study_Team_Report/Work_Products%3A_Discussion

6. Source: en.wikisource.org
Title: Page:UAP Independent Study Team
Link:https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AUAP_Independent_Study_Team_-_Final_Report.pdf/30

7. Source: science.nasa.gov
Title: Science UAP
Link:https://science.nasa.gov/uap/

8. Source: nasa.gov
Title: to Release, Discuss Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Report
Link:https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-to-release-discuss-unidentified-anomalous-phenomena-report/

9. Source: navsea.navy.mil
Link:https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Media/News/Article-View/Article/4494885/navys-directed-energy-systems-integration-lab-to-train-sailors-on-laser-weapons/

10. Source: aaro.mil
Link:https://www.aaro.mil/Next-AARO-Home-redesign/Next-Parent/Next-AARO-UAP-Imagery-Acc-Table/

11. Source: aaro.mil
Link:https://www.aaro.mil/Next-AARO-Home-redesign/Next-Parent/Next-UAP-Report-Documents/poster/dividLink/

12. Source: wvs.earthdata.nasa.gov
Link:https://wvs.earthdata.nasa.gov/

13. Source: ipnpr.jpl.nasa.gov
Link:https://ipnpr.jpl.nasa.gov/

14. Source: wispr.nrl.navy.mil
Title: mil Encounter 24
Link:https://wispr.nrl.navy.mil/encounter24-summary

15. Source: nasa.gov
Title: Past Reports and Transcripts
Link:https://www.nasa.gov/past-reports-and-transcripts/

16. Source: earthdata.nasa.gov
Title: lancemodis vj203mod nrt 2.1
Link:https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/fr/data/catalog/lancemodis-vj203mod-nrt-2.1

17. Source: forum.earthdata.nasa.gov
Link:https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/viewtopic.php?t=6269

18. Source: aaro.mil
Link:https://www.aaro.mil/Next-AARO-Home-redesign/Next-Parent/Presidential-UAP-Transparency-Initiative/videoid/1006079/dvpcc/false/

19. Source: nasa.gov
Title: nasas aerospace safety advisory panel releases 2023 annual report
Link:https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-aerospace-safety-advisory-panel-releases-2023-annual-report/

20. Source: science.nasa.gov
Title: 14 104 hubble parallax png 0
Link:https://science.nasa.gov/image-detail/14-104-hubble-parallax-png_0/

21. Source: earthdata.nasa.gov
Title: lancemodis vnp43ia2n 2
Link:https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/lancemodis-vnp43ia2n-2

22. Source: earthdata.nasa.gov
Title: lancemodis vj143ia4n 2
Link:https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/lancemodis-vj143ia4n-2

23. Source: earthdata.nasa.gov
Title: lancemodis vj143ia1n 2
Link:https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/lancemodis-vj143ia1n-2

24. Source: earthdata.nasa.gov
Title: lancemodis vj143ia2n 2
Link:https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/lancemodis-vj143ia2n-2

25. Source: en.wikisource.org
Title: Page:UAP Independent Study Team Final Report
Link:https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AUAP_Independent_Study_Team_-_Final_Report.pdf/26

26. Source: en.wikisource.org
Title: Page:UAP Independent Study Team Final Report
Link:https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AUAP_Independent_Study_Team_-_Final_Report.pdf/3

27. Source: aaro.mil
Link:https://www.aaro.mil/Next-AARO-Home-redesign/Next-Parent/Presidential-UAP-Transparency-Initiative/videoid/1006067/dvpmoduleid/77396/

28. Source: aaro.mil
Link:https://www.aaro.mil/Next-AARO-Home-redesign/Next-Parent/Presidential-UAP-Transparency-Initiative/videoid/1006080/dvpcc/false/

29. Source: science.nasa.gov
Link:https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/parker-solar-probe/2023/09/28/for-the-record-parker-solar-probe-sets-distance-speed-marks-on-17th-swing-by-the-sun/

30. Source: nasa.gov
Title: UPDAT E: NASA Shares UAP Independent Study Report; Names Director
Link:https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/update-nasa-shares-uap-independent-study-report-names-director/

31. Source: ipnpr.jpl.nasa.gov
Title: 42 233D
Link:https://ipnpr.jpl.nasa.gov/progress_report/42-233/42-233D.html

32. Source: ipnpr.jpl.nasa.gov
Link:https://ipnpr.jpl.nasa.gov/progress_report/42-232/42-232A.html

33. Source: gcn.nasa.gov
Link:https://gcn.nasa.gov/circulars/33233

34. Source: ntrs.nasa.gov
Link:https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/29673223468419

35. Source: aaro.mil
Link:https://www.aaro.mil/Next-AARO-Home-redesign/Next-Parent/Presidential-UAP-Transparency-Initiative/videoid/1007740/dvpcc/false/

36. Source: history.navy.mil
Title: mil Evolution of Naval Weapons
Link:https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/e/evolution-of-naval-weapons.html

37. Source: wispr.nrl.navy.mil
Title: mil Encounter 6
Link:https://wispr.nrl.navy.mil/encounter6-summary

38. Source: history.navy.mil
Link:https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/operational-characteristics-of-radar-classified-by-tactical-application.html

39. Source: nasa.gov
Title: NAS A’s New Horizons Conducts the First Interstellar Parallax Experiment
Link:https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/nasas-new-horizons-conducts-the-first-interstellar-parallax-experiment/

40. Source: aaro.mil
Link:https://www.aaro.mil/Next-AARO-Home-redesign/Next-Parent/Presidential-UAP-Transparency-Initiative/videoid/1006104/dvpmoduleid/77396/

41. Source: earthdata.nasa.gov
Title: lancemodis vj103img nrt 2
Link:https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/lancemodis-vj103img-nrt-2

42. Source: earthdata.nasa.gov
Title: lancemodis vnp43ia4n 1
Link:https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/lancemodis-vnp43ia4n-1

43. Source: history.navy.mil
Title: mil Bronze Guns (cannons) Glossary
Link:https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/b/bronze-guns-cannons-glossary.html

44. Source: earthdata.nasa.gov
Title: lancemodis vnp03mod nrt 1
Link:https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/lancemodis-vnp03mod-nrt-1

45. Source: pubs.usgs.gov
Link:https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70170420

46. Source: usgs.gov
Link:https://www.usgs.gov/publications/camera-system-considerations-geomorphic-applications-sfm-photogrammetry

47. Source: navair.navy.mil
Link:https://www.navair.navy.mil/node/10591

48. Source: navair.navy.mil
Link:https://www.navair.navy.mil/node/10226

49. Source: usgs.gov
Link:https://www.usgs.gov/publications/geometric-correction-and-digital-elevation-extraction-using-multiple-mti-datasets

50. Source: navair.navy.mil
Link:https://www.navair.navy.mil/node/7331

51. Source: navair.navy.mil
Link:https://www.navair.navy.mil/node/7701

52. Source: navair.navy.mil
Link:https://www.navair.navy.mil/node/3091

53. Source: usgs.gov
Title: Radarclinometry | U.S. Geological Survey
Link:https://www.usgs.gov/publications/radarclinometry

54. Source: pubs.usgs.gov
Link:https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70158998

55. Source: astrogeology.usgs.gov
Link:https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/docs/manuals/usgscsm/library/linescanner.html

56. Source: stac.astrogeology.usgs.gov
Link:https://stac.astrogeology.usgs.gov/docs/learning/glossary/

57. Source: usgs.gov
Link:https://www.usgs.gov/educational-resources/topographic-mapping

58. Source: astrogeology.usgs.gov
Title: learning about map projections
Link:https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/docs/concepts/camera-geometry-and-projections/learning-about-map-projections/

59. Source: en.wikisource.org
Title: Index:UAP Independent Study Team Final Report
Link:https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index%3AUAP_Independent_Study_Team_-_Final_Report.pdf

60. Source: aaro.mil
Link:https://www.aaro.mil/UAP-Cases/Official-UAP-Imagery/ftag/MSF0951a18/

61. Source: aaro.mil
Link:https://www.aaro.mil/FAQ/

62. Source: aaro.mil
Link:https://www.aaro.mil/Next-AARO-Home-redesign/Next-Parent/Next-AARO-UAP-Imagery-Fixed-Table/

63. Source: aaro.mil
Title: UAP Imagery* “Go Fast” Object NAVAIR
Link:https://www.aaro.mil/Next-AARO-Home-redesign/Inactive-Parent/Next-UAP-Imagery-dup/

64. Source: aaro.mil
Link:https://www.aaro.mil/Next-AARO-Home-redesign/Next-Parent/AARO-UAP-Case-Resolution-DT/

65. Source: science.nasa.gov
Title: uap independent study team final report
Link:https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/uap-independent-study-team-final-report.pdf?emrc=80696d

66. Source: earthdata.nasa.gov
Title: asf sentinel 1c meta slc 1
Link:https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/fr/data/catalog/asf-sentinel-1c-meta-slc-1

67. Source: optevfor.navy.mil
Title: Aviation Warfare
Link:https://www.optevfor.navy.mil/Warfare-Divisions/Aviation-Warfare/

68. Source: pubs.usgs.gov
Link:https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70224553

69. Source: usgs.gov
Title: Photogrammetry with surface-based images | U.S. Geological Survey
Link:https://www.usgs.gov/publications/photogrammetry-surface-based-images

70. Source: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Link:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9787778/

71. Source: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Link:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5714114/

Additional References

72. Source: faa.gov
Link:https://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1960s/1965/196511

73. Source: faa.gov
Link:https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap1_section_1.html

74. Source: faa.gov
Link:https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aip_html/part2_enr_section_1.5.html

75. Source: faa.gov
Link:https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aip_html/chap1_section_1.html

76. Source: faa.gov
Link:https://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/1977/197712

77. Source: youtube.com
Title: The SHOCKING Math Error Behind Viral UFO Videos | Mick West
Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypfbhfEXnBo

78. Source: youtube.com
Title: GOFAST UFO Analysis (yeah no, probably just a balloon)
Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3NYowlCoDc

79. Source: youtube.com
Title: Breakdown of the Pentagon UFO videos with Mick West
Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Le7Fqbsrrm8

80. Source: faa.gov
Title: Office of Aerospace Medicine Technical Reports | Federal Aviation Administration
Link:https://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/1970s/1978/197815

81. Source: sciencedirect.com
Title: ScienceDirect Vertical Plane
Link:https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/vertical-plane