Within Atmosphere
When Ice Crystals Create a Vertical UFO Like Light
Light pillars can resemble solid beams or suspended luminous objects even though they are collective reflections from airborne ice crystals.
On this page
- How ice crystals combine into an apparent pillar
- Sun pillars and artificial light pillars in different conditions
- Visual clues that reveal a reflection effect
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Introduction
A light pillar can look remarkably like a vertical luminous object suspended in the sky: a narrow bar, glowing shaft or apparently solid column that may seem detached from any obvious source. Yet there need be no beam or object at the apparent location of the pillar. The effect is produced when light from the Sun, Moon or, especially at night, artificial sources is reflected towards an observer by many suitably oriented ice crystals. The European Space Agency describes the pillar itself as an optical illusion rather than something physically located above or below its source.[European Space Agency]esa.intEuropean Space Agency ESAEuropean Space AgencyESA - Pillar of lightSeptember 22, 2022…
That distinction makes light pillars particularly relevant to UFO and UAP identification. A witness may accurately report a stationary, sharply vertical and unusually coloured luminous form while misinterpreting its physical nature. The useful question is therefore not simply whether something “looks like a light pillar”, but whether its geometry, colour, environmental conditions and relationship to possible light sources behave as the ice-crystal reflection mechanism predicts.
How ice crystals combine into an apparent pillar
The basic mechanism is specular reflection — essentially mirror-like reflection — from large numbers of ice crystals. Plate-shaped crystals tend to settle with their broad faces approximately horizontal. Research using Doppler lidar has directly detected strong specular reflections from horizontally oriented planar ice crystals in clouds, confirming that the required crystal orientation is a measurable atmospheric phenomenon rather than merely a convenient optical model.[arXiv]arxiv.orgDoppler lidar measurements of oriented planar ice crystals falling from supercooled and glaciated layer cloudsJune 3, 2009…
No single crystal makes the pillar. Each appropriately positioned and oriented crystal contributes a small reflection. Collectively, enormous numbers of these reflections reach the observer from slightly different apparent elevations and merge visually into an elongated vertical feature. The US National Weather Service notes that a pillar’s appearance depends on the height, shape and angle of the crystals as well as the distance to the light source.[National Weather Service]weather.govOpen source on weather.gov.
This produces the feature most liable to mislead an observer: the apparent column is not a physical column occupying the volume of sky where it seems to be. Atmospheric-optics treatments describe it as a virtual image formed from reflected rays. For artificial lights, the crystals contributing to a conventional pillar can lie roughly midway between the observer and the source rather than directly above the lamp.[Atmospheric Optics]atoptics.org.ukAtmospheric Optics Light PillarsAtmospheric OpticsLight PillarsDecember 1, 2002…
The result is analogous to seeing a coherent image assembled from many tiny mirrors. Because the contributing crystal surfaces are approximately horizontal, their reflections are organised predominantly along the vertical direction in the observer’s field of view. Small variations in crystal orientation spread the reflections out rather than producing one point-like image, creating the pillar’s characteristic length.[EarthSky]earthsky.orgEarth Sky What is a sun pillar, or light pillar?They're beautiful!March 15, 2023 — 15 Mar 2023 — Sun pillars or light pillars form when sunlight (or another bright light source) reflect…
This geometry also explains some displays that look stranger than a simple vertical streak. When artificial lights illuminate ice crystals at different heights, the apparent lines can extend towards the zenith. Atmospheric Optics documents a display over Ath, Belgium, in which multiple luminous structures appeared to converge overhead. The effect arose because reflections from progressively higher crystals appeared progressively closer to the zenith; gaps in the crystal layers could also make the luminous lines appear broken into separate segments.[Atmospheric Optics]atoptics.org.ukAtmospheric Optics Light PillarsAtmospheric OpticsLight Pillars - Lights radiating from the zenithNovember 20, 2006…
That is important when evaluating a UFO report. A luminous segment does not have to appear visibly connected to the ground to be a light pillar. A limited layer of suitably oriented crystals can leave only part of the optical column visible, creating what looks more like an isolated vertical object than a “beam”.
Sun pillars and artificial-light pillars are not identical
Light pillars share the same broad reflection principle, but their appearance changes substantially with the source. That difference matters because the daytime and nocturnal versions can generate quite different descriptions from witnesses.
Sun pillars are normally associated with a low Sun, especially around sunrise or sunset. NOAA’s photographic archive describes sun pillars produced by falling ice crystals, including crystals falling beneath cloud as virga. The European Space Agency likewise describes sunlight reflecting from suspended ice crystals while stressing that the resulting column is not physically attached to the Sun.[NOAA]noaa.govNational Oceanic and Atmospheric…Sun pillar - most cases require ice crystals falling from cloudFalling ice crystals termed virga. P…
A solar pillar can therefore appear as a brilliant orange, red or white vertical extension of a low Sun. If the Sun itself is hidden behind terrain, buildings or cloud while the reflected portion remains visible, the observer can potentially be left with an apparently independent luminous feature near the horizon. Its timing and direction relative to the Sun then become much more informative than its apparently object-like shape.
Artificial-light pillars have an additional source of deception because each terrestrial lamp can generate its own apparent column. Streetlights, industrial facilities, buildings and other concentrated light sources can consequently produce several separated pillars at once. In sufficiently cold conditions, plate crystals normally associated with high cloud can occur close to the ground as ice crystals or “diamond dust”. Environment and Climate Change Canada defines such ice crystals as tiny plates, columns or needles that may appear suspended in stable, very cold air and specifically notes that they can produce luminous pillars and other halo phenomena.[Canada]canada.caOpen source on canada.ca.
A Fairbanks, Alaska, display illustrates the combination well. During a March 2021 observation, ice crystals described as diamond dust were present while columns of light appeared above city lights. The visual result resembled luminous shafts extending into the sky even though the atmospheric optics, rather than actual upward beams occupying those apparent columns, produced the observed structures.[The Washington Post]washingtonpost.comOpen source on washingtonpost.com.
Artificial pillars can also inherit the colours of their sources. A row of white, orange, red or differently coloured lamps may consequently produce a row of differently coloured vertical features. Because each pillar preserves information about the source illumination, colour matching between a mysterious column and lights on or beyond the horizon is a useful diagnostic clue.[Time and Date]timeanddate.comTime and Date Atmospheric Phenomena: Halos, Sundogs and Light PillarsTime and Date Atmospheric Phenomena: Halos, Sundogs and Light Pillars
Cold ground-level air is not an absolute requirement for every artificial-light pillar. High ice-crystal cloud can provide the reflecting material even when conditions at the observer are comparatively mild. Reports from coastal Texas in July 2024, for example, involved red-tinted vertical lights that meteorologists linked to a bright petrochemical flare reflecting from plate-shaped ice crystals in sufficiently high cloud. This is a useful caution against rejecting the mechanism solely because the surface weather does not resemble an Arctic winter.[Chron]chron.comRare weather phenomenon puts on stunning light show in TexasRare weather phenomenon puts on stunning light show in Texas
Why the effect can look like a solid luminous object
Several perceptual cues normally used to judge physical objects become unreliable in a light-pillar display.
First, vertical regularity looks engineered. A narrow straight feature is unlike the irregular cloud forms most people expect from the atmosphere. The observer may therefore classify it mentally as a beam, structure or elongated craft before considering an optical explanation.
Second, distance is poorly constrained. Because the pillar is a virtual image assembled from reflections, its apparent position does not correspond straightforwardly to a single physical object at a measurable range. Atmospheric Optics explicitly notes that pillars are not physically situated over their associated lights; they are the combined light reaching the observer from many crystals.[Atmospheric Optics]atoptics.org.ukAtmospheric Optics Light PillarsAtmospheric OpticsLight PillarsDecember 1, 2002…
Third, a pillar can seem detached. If the underlying lamp is behind buildings, trees, terrain or the horizon, only the elevated reflection may be conspicuous. Gaps in the ice-crystal population can similarly break a continuous-looking pillar into luminous sections. The Belgian display documented by Atmospheric Optics demonstrates how separate crystal layers can generate interrupted structures rather than simple continuous shafts.[Atmospheric Optics]atoptics.org.ukAtmospheric Optics Light PillarsAtmospheric OpticsLight Pillars - Lights radiating from the zenithNovember 20, 2006…
Fourth, photography can strengthen the impression of an object. Specialist observations from Fairbanks note that cameras can record colour more strongly than the human eye perceives it in these displays. A photograph may therefore show a more saturated, sharply conspicuous luminous column than a witness remembers seeing directly.[Lee Petersen]lwpetersen.comLee Petersen Light PillarsLee PetersenLight Pillars - Atmospheric Optics…
Finally, multiple pillars can transform an ordinary illuminated landscape into something visually unfamiliar. Each distant source may generate a separate luminous column, creating what looks like a formation of vertical objects. The Weather Channel notes that artificial-light pillars are commonly produced when nearly flat hexagonal crystals reflect city lights, with deeper layers of crystals producing taller apparent pillars.[The Weather Channel]weather.comThe Weather Channel How Light Pillars Are Formed | The Weather ChannelThe Weather Channel How Light Pillars Are Formed | The Weather Channel
None of those characteristics proves that a particular UFO or UAP report was a light pillar. They explain why apparently strong object-like cues — straightness, colour, separation from the ground and persistence in one direction — are not sufficient by themselves to establish that a solid object was present.
Visual clues that reveal a reflection effect
A convincing light-pillar identification should account for more than resemblance. Several mutually reinforcing clues make the interpretation substantially stronger.
- Look for a plausible source below the feature. Streetlights, industrial lighting, stadiums, brightly illuminated buildings and other intense sources can produce artificial pillars. The relevant source may be distant or hidden from direct view.[Atmospheric Optics]atoptics.org.ukAtmospheric Optics Light PillarsAtmospheric OpticsLight PillarsDecember 1, 2002…
- Compare colours. Because the crystals reflect source light, a pillar commonly resembles the colour of the illumination responsible for it. Several differently coloured pillars over an illuminated area are therefore especially suggestive.[Time and Date]timeanddate.comTime and Date Atmospheric Phenomena: Halos, Sundogs and Light PillarsTime and Date Atmospheric Phenomena: Halos, Sundogs and Light Pillars
- Check for ice-crystal conditions. Very cold, stable air and diamond dust strongly support ground-light pillars. Environment and Climate Change Canada specifically associates suspended ice crystals in stable, very cold air with luminous pillars. High ice-crystal cloud, however, means mild surface temperatures do not automatically exclude the effect.[Canada]canada.caOpen source on canada.ca.
- Check solar geometry for twilight sightings. A vertical feature above or below the low Sun — including when the Sun is partly obscured — is a strong candidate for a sun pillar.[European Space Agency]esa.intEuropean Space Agency ESAEuropean Space AgencyESA - Pillar of lightSeptember 22, 2022…
- Treat apparent altitude cautiously. The visible feature is not a solid column at the distance implied by its appearance. Estimating its height as though it were a hovering object can therefore generate a fictitious size and altitude.[Atmospheric Optics]atoptics.org.ukAtmospheric Optics Light PillarsAtmospheric OpticsLight PillarsDecember 1, 2002…
- Notice whether several columns share the same geometry. Parallel or zenith-converging pillars over a lit area are naturally produced by reflection geometry. Multiple unexplained “objects” showing that pattern may actually strengthen, rather than weaken, an atmospheric interpretation.[Atmospheric Optics]atoptics.org.ukAtmospheric Optics Light PillarsAtmospheric OpticsLight Pillars - Lights radiating from the zenithNovember 20, 2006…
One frequently repeated description should also be corrected: ordinary light pillars are fundamentally reflection phenomena, not simply beams created because ice crystals “refract light upwards”. Ice crystals certainly produce many other halo effects through refraction, but the mirror-like reflections from suitably oriented crystal faces are central to the pillar mechanism described by atmospheric-optics specialists and supported by observations of specular reflection from oriented planar crystals.[arXiv]arxiv.orgDoppler lidar measurements of oriented planar ice crystals falling from supercooled and glaciated layer cloudsJune 3, 2009…
What a strong UFO assessment should actually establish
For UFO or UAP analysis, “it was probably a light pillar” is only the beginning of a useful explanation. A stronger assessment reconstructs whether the proposed optical geometry could have existed at the reported time.
For an artificial-light event, investigators should seek the observer’s position and viewing direction, photographs or video preserving landmarks, likely ground-based light sources, cloud and temperature information, and evidence of ice crystals or diamond dust. If several pillars were reported, identifying corresponding lamps or illuminated facilities can be particularly persuasive. The pillar’s colour should also be compared with the candidate source.
For a twilight event, the Sun’s azimuth and elevation provide a powerful independent check. A vertical luminous feature appearing in the appropriate direction while the Sun is close to or just below the horizon fits the geometry of a solar pillar far better than an isolated luminous object would. NOAA and ESA examples provide well-documented reference cases for this appearance.[NOAA]noaa.govSun Dogs, Sun Pillars, Rays & BandsSun Dogs, Sun Pillars, Rays & Bands
Conversely, the explanation becomes weaker if the reported phenomenon behaves in ways the reflection geometry cannot reproduce — for example, if reliable positional evidence shows an independently moving object crossing the sky while retaining a fixed physical outline unrelated to the illumination and crystal field. The correct use of light pillars in UAP analysis is therefore diagnostic rather than dismissive: identify the mechanism, derive what it should have looked like from the witness’s position, and compare those predictions with the observation.
The key lesson is unusually precise. A vertical luminous shape is not necessarily a vertical luminous thing. Under suitable ice-crystal conditions, many tiny reflections distributed through the atmosphere can organise themselves from one observer’s viewpoint into something that looks coherent, sharply structured and object-like. That gap between apparent structure and physical structure is exactly what makes light pillars a distinctive atmospheric source of UFO and UAP misidentification.
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Endnotes
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Additional References
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